DESCRIPTION
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Huntington disease (HD) is a hereditary neurodegenerative disorder that is characterized by progressively
worsening motor, cognitive, behavioral, and psychiatric symptoms. HD is caused by
a mutation of the Huntington gene called a “CAG repeat expansion”. The mutation results
in gradual neuronal degeneration in the basal ganglia of the brain, and progresses
to involve other regions of the brain responsible for coordination of movements, thoughts,
and emotions. Neuronal degeneration causes diffuse and severe brain atrophy that is
comparable to late stage Alzheimer disease.
Clinical presentation of HD may include changes in personality, behavior, cognition,
speech, and coordination. Physical changes include random uncoordinated extremity
movements (chorea), rigidity, leg stiffness, clumsiness, slowness of movement, tremors
and muscle spasms. As the disease progresses, concentration on cognitive tasks becomes
increasingly difficult, and an individual may have difficulty swallowing and feeding
himself. Family history of HD is usually but not always positive.
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DIAGNOSTIC TESTING, PHYSICAL FINDINGS, AND ICD-9-CM CODING
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The diagnosis of HD is made by clinical history documenting changes in motor, behavioral
and cognitive function; family history of HD; abnormal neurologic exam findings; abnormal
neuropsychological test results; and HD gene test with abnormal results (40 or more
CAG repeats). Brain imaging is optional, but if performed may show atrophy of the
caudate nucleus or diffuse brain atrophy.
ICD-9 code: 333.4
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ONSET AND PROGRESSION
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The average onset age is around 40, plus or minus 10 years; however, onset has been
documented as young as age 5 (see Juvenile HD) and as old as age 90. Death usually
occurs at about 15 to 20 years after onset of symptoms, and is due to complications
of the disease.
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TREATMENT
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There is no cure or treatment to stop, slow or reverse the progression of HD. Claimant’s
medical source(s) may prescribe medications to manage symptoms. A psychiatrist or
behavior management specialist may address behavior disorders. A speech language pathologist
may evaluate communication and swallowing problems. A nutritionist may be consulted
to address nutritional needs as the disease progresses. Assistive devices such as
wheelchairs, helmets, and communication boards may be used for safety, and to improve
quality of life.
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